Efik - Ibibio - Anaang
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Categories: Languages, Nigeria
On this page... (hide)
- 1. Classification / Classification
- 2. Where Spoken / Localisation géographique
- 3. Number of Speakers / Nombre de locuteurs
- 4. Dialect Survey / Enquête de dialecte
- 5. Usage / Utilisation
- 6. Orthography / Orthographe
- 7. Use in ICT / Utilisation dans les TIC
- 8. Localisation resources / Ressources pour localisation
- 9. Comments / Remarques
- 10. References / Références
1. Classification / Classification
This language cluster belongs to the Cross River branch of Benue-Congo. (Webbook?)
Ethnologue? gives the classification as: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik
An alternate name for Efik is (was?) Calabar.
2. Where Spoken / Localisation géographique
It is spoken in the Cross River Basin of Nigeria. (Webbook)
According to Ethnologue:
- Anaang: Akwa Ibom State, Ikot Ekpene, Essien Udim, Abak, Ukanafun, and Oruk-Anam LGAs.
- Efik: Cross River State, Calabar Municipality, Odukpani and Akamkpa LGAs; Akwa Ibom State, town of Itu.
- Ibibio: Akwa Ibom State, Itu, Uyo, Etinan, Ikot Abasi, Ikono, Ekpe-Atai, Uruan, Onna, Nsit-Ubium, and Mkpat Enin LGAs.
3. Number of Speakers / Nombre de locuteurs
According to Ethnologue:
- Anaang: 1,000,000 (1990)
- Efik: 400,000 (1998)
- Ibibio: 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 (1998 B. Connell)
Efik has 2 million second-language speakers. (Ethnologue)
4. Dialect Survey / Enquête de dialecte
Anaang, Efik, and Ibibio are three closely related languages, with Efik serving as a lingua franca. (Webbook)
According to Ethnologue, (sub-)dialects include:
- Anaang: Ikot Ekpene, Abak, Ukanafun
- Efik: -
- Ibibio: Enyong, Central Ibibio, Itak, Nsit. Several dialects.
5. Usage / Utilisation
Of the three, Efik serves as the first school language is used in all levels of education (Grimes 1996) and is considered as the standard as well. Most Ibibio and Anaang speakers use Efik as a second language; it often serves as a lingua franca. Ibibio is the trade language of Akwa Ibom State (Grimes 1996) and is gaining status as more materials are prepared in it. Radio and television in Nigeria broadcasts in Efik. (Webbook)
Notes compiled from Ethnologue:
- Anaang: Taught in primary schools. TV.
- Efik: Official language. The major dialect and language of the Ibibio-Efik group. Used in adult education, university courses. Decreasing in use as a second language and as a literary language.
- Ibibio: Trade language. Ibibio is the main trade language of Akwa Ibom State. Used in university courses.
6. Orthography / Orthographe
6.1 Status / Statut
Efik, as the first written language of the three, has a standard orthography. Ibibio has also recently developed a standard orthography. (Webbook) These are Latin-based orthographies that include extended characters.
6.2 Sample Alphabet / Alphabet exemple
"Language Museum" sample texts (NB- these may not be standard or official orthographies):
For Ibibio see:
- http://www.geocities.com/myibibio/dictionary/alphabets.html
- http://www.quicktopic.com/37/H/q8r5VVqGF5Q (messages 11 & 12)
(see also 7.3, below)
7. Use in ICT / Utilisation dans les TIC
7.1 Fonts / Polices
Fonts with extended Latin ranges would be necessary.
7.2 Keyboards / Claviers
Keyboard Layouts / Dispositions de clavier
Production Keyboards / Claviers de production
Lancor's "KỌNYIN" keyboard for Windows includes all needed characters for Efik - http://www.konyin.com/
7.3 Content on computers & internet / Contenu en informatique et sur l'Internet
Edisuan Etop Mbana Mme Unen Owo Ke Ofuri Ekondo (Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Efik-Ibibio): http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/ibb.htm (NB- This may not be in a standardized orthography [verify])
Online Ibibio Dictionary: http://www.geocities.com/myibibio/index.html
7.4 Localized software / Logiciels localisés
Not aware of any.
7.5 Language codes / Codes de langue
Anaang:
- ISO 639-1: -
- ISO 639-2: -
- ISO 639-3: anw
Efik:
- ISO 639-1: -
- ISO 639-2: efi
- ISO 639-3: efi
Ibibio:
- ISO 639-1: -
- ISO 639-2: -
- ISO 639-3: ibb
The Wikipedia page on Ibibio Language suggests the generic ISO 639-2 code "bnt" (Other Bantu languages) for Ibibio since there is no ISO 639-2 code for it. See Comments below, 9).
7.6 Other / Autre
The Local Language Speech Technology Initiative (LLSTI) http://www.llsti.org/ has a text-to-speech (TTS) system for Ibibio in collaboration with the University of Uyo (Nigeria) and University of Bielefeld (Germany). Links to further information and downloads are at http://www.llsti.org/downloads-languages-ibibio.htm
8. Localisation resources / Ressources pour localisation
8.1 Individuals (experts) / Individuelles (experts)
- Dr. Eno-Abasi URUA, University of Uyo
- Dr. Moses EKPEYON, University of Uyo
8.2 Institutions / Institutions
Institutions:
- University of Uyo
Companies:
- Lancor Technologies, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
8.3 On the internet / Sur la toile
"Ibibio, Efik, Anaang & ICT (fonts, keyboards & applications)" message board at http://www.quicktopic.com/37/H/q8r5VVqGF5Q (closed in 2013, but old content still accessible)
Latin & diacritic character picker http://people.w3.org/rishida/scripts/pickers/latin/
9. Comments / Remarques
Would localisation focus first on Efik or Ibibio? Note that the Konyin keyboard mentions Efik, while the LLSTI project focused on Ibibio. Are these languages similar enough for either one localisation or use of a localisation in one to facilitate work in the other?
On the subject of language coding, is a new "macrolanguage" code for this group worth proposing?
10. References / Références
Dwyer, David (1997), Webbook of African Languages, http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/hiermenu.html (page on "Efik/Ibibio/Anaang," http://africa.isp.msu.edu/afrlang/Efik_root.html )
SIL International, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, "Anaang," http://www.ethnologue.com/language/anw
______, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, "Efik," http://www.ethnologue.com/language/efi
______, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, "Ibibio," http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ibb
SIL International, "ISO 639 Code Tables," http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes.asp
U.S. Library of Congress, "ISO 639.2: Codes for the Representation of Names of Languages: Alpha-3 codes arranged alphabetically by the English name of language," http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php
Wikipedia, "Anaang language," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaang_language
______, "Efik language," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik_language
______, "Ibibio language," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_language
______, "Ibibio-Efik languages" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio-Efik_languages
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